National Center for X-Ray Tomography

About the Resource

The National Center for X-Ray Tomography (NCXT), at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Advanced Light Source (ALS), is leading the development of soft X-ray tomography (SXT) as a technique for imaging fully-hydrated biological specimens at high, three-dimensional (3D) spatial resolution. SXT has several distinct advantages over light- and electron-based microscopies and, as a result, can contribute unique insights into cell structure and behavior.

Soft X-rays penetrate biological materials much more deeply than electrons, allowing cells up to 15 µm thick to be imaged intact. SXT image contrast is generated by differential X-ray absorption by biomolecules, especially those that are carbon-rich, meaning that cells advantageously do not require exposure to staining or other potentially damaging procedures prior to being imaged. Consequently, SXT produces high-resolution 3D views of specimens in a close-to-native state for quantitative analysis.

SXT’s utility has increased dramatically with the concomitant development of high-aperture cryogenic fluorescence tomography (CFT). Cryo-preserved cells, or populations of cells, can now be imaged serially by two disparate tomographic methods. The combination of CFT and SXT allows labeled molecules to be positioned accurately and viewed directly in the context of a high-resolution, quantitative 3D tomographic cell reconstruction.

NCXT is supported by the DOE Biological and Environmental Research Program and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health.

About the Home Facility

Advanced Light Source

The Advanced Light Source is a DOE scientific user facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory sponsored by the Basic Energy Sciences Program. ALS is a specialized particle accelerator that generates bright beams of X-ray light for scientific research. Electron bunches travel at nearly the speed of light in a circular path, emitting ultraviolet and X-ray light in the process. The light is directed through about 40 beamlines to numerous experimental end stations, where scientists from around the world (“users”) can conduct research in a wide variety of fields, including materials science, biology, chemistry, physics, and the environmental sciences.

Co-located BER Resources

Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology (BSISB): Fourier-transform infrared spectromicroscopy
Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences (SIBYLS): X-ray macromolecular crystallography; solution X-ray scattering (small-angle X-ray scattering; SAXS)

Other ALS Capabilities

ALS is home to several X-ray macromolecular crystallography (MX) beamlines. This technique can be used to visualize molecules at atomic resolution, enabling protein engineering, the design of therapeutics, and the fundamental understanding of enzyme mechanisms and protein function.

Berkeley Center for Structural Biology: X-ray macromolecular crystallography on beamlines (5.0.1, 5.0.2, 5.0.3, 8.2.1 and 8.2.2) for industrial and academic users.
Molecular Biology Consortium: X-ray macromolecular crystallography on beamline 4.2.2 for academic users.
University of California Beamline: X-ray macromolecular crystallography on beamline 8.3.1 for researchers on its campuses. The beamlines provide robotic systems for crystal handling and remote access for data collection.

Research Highlights

Date	Title	Resource	Technique	Facility	Research Theme
11/22/2023	Deuterium Labeling Reveals Structural Components of Plant Cell Walls	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
10/23/2023	Lignin−Pectin Complexation Implicated in Biomass Recalcitrance	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Solution X-ray Scattering, Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
03/27/2023	Computational Tool Optimizes SANS Experiments	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
01/24/2023	SANS Reveals Role of Disordered Protein Domain	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
11/27/2023	SAXS Elucidates a Microbial Bioenergetic Pathway	Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program	Solution X-ray Scattering	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
10/16/2023	Computer-Aided Protein Design for New Biomaterials	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Solution X-ray Scattering	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
12/22/2023	Sulfur Exchanged in Peat Moss-Cyanobacteria Mutualism	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
07/21/2023	Developing an E.coli Platform for Hydrogenase Production	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
08/07/2023	Structural Analysis of Neglected Anaerobic Fungal Enzymes	eBERlight, Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
06/12/2023	Visualizing an Ancient Carbon Cycle Pathway Mechanism	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
06/06/2023	Automation and High-Throughput Screening Speeds Lipid Nanoparticle Development	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Solution X-ray Scattering	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
06/30/2023	Persistence and Mobility of Iron-Rich Colloids Facilitate Element Transport and Cycling	Stanford-SLAC Cryo-EM Center	Cryo-Electron Microscopy, X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy	Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
05/05/2023	Saprotrophic Fungus Weathers Potassium from Minerals in Carbon-Limited Environment	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
11/02/2022	The Copper Key to More Efficient Biomass Breakdown	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
03/28/2023	Autonomous Hyperspectral Spatiochemical Imaging Delivers Faster Results and Improves Beamline Efficiency	Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program	Solution X-ray Scattering, Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure, Chemical and Elemental Information
01/18/2023	Unelectrified Aerosol-Producing Device for Biological Studies	Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program	Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography, Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging, X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure, Cell and Tissue Structure, Chemical and Elemental Information
02/01/2023	Bacterial Mercury Methylation Enhanced by Mixed Thiols	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
09/19/2022	Viral Gene Products May Contribute to Soil Carbon Cycling	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
11/17/2022	Direct Visualization of Fungal Mineral Transport	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
04/01/2022	Mechanisms of Bacterial Iron Metabolism	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Solution X-ray Scattering	Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
04/21/2022	Protein Design for Genetically Encodable Nanomachines	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Solution X-ray Scattering	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
10/14/2022	Modeling the Partitioning of Amphiphilic Molecules and Cosolvents in Biomembranes	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
10/01/2022	Detergent-Free Method for Photosystem I Stabilization in Structural Studies	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Solution X-ray Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
07/05/2022	Characteristics of Switchgrass Lignin Extracted by Different Solvent Pretreatments	Center for BioMolecular Structure	Solution X-ray Scattering	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
06/11/2021	Evolving a Virus-Like Capsid from a Bacterial Protein	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Footprinting	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
10/08/2022	XMIDAS Software Enables Chemical Analysis from Nanoscale Spectroscopy Data	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Chemical and Elemental Information
08/26/2022	RuBisCO Evolution Enabled by Structural Plasticity	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
04/07/2022	Soft X-ray Tomography Captures Mesoscale Organelle Interactions	National Center for X-Ray Tomography	Soft X-ray Tomography	Advanced Light Source	Cell and Tissue Structure
01/11/2022	Biocatalyst Inspiration: Specificity and Selectivity of Rieske Oxygenases	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
03/25/2021	Understanding How Bacteria Degrade N-Glycan	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
11/04/2021	Potentially Customizable Molecular Assembly Line	Stanford-SLAC Cryo-EM Center, Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Cryo-Electron Microscopy, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
04/05/2022	How a Soil Microbe Could Rev Up Artificial Photosynthesis	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
12/16/2021	Aggregates Formed During Biomass Pretreatment Stem from Both Hemicellulose and Lignin	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
09/14/2021	A Tunable Plant Pseudoenzyme-Enzyme Complex Regulates B6 Production	Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy at EMSL	Cryo-Electron Microscopy	Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory	Molecular Structure
02/22/2021	Repurposing Cancer and Seizure Medications to Aid Fight Against COVID-19	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
06/11/2020	Structural Basis for Neutralization of Betacoronaviruses by Llama Antibodies	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
08/19/2021	Existing Drug Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
08/03/2021	Deconstructing the Infection Machinery of SARS-CoV-2	Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Structural Biology Center, Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source, Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
05/12/2021	Crystallography Confirms Drug-Protein Interaction that May Prevent Certain Breast Cancers	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
04/17/2020	Crystal Structures of SARS-CoV-2 Yield Understanding of Viral Replication Engine	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
05/01/2021	Structural Plasticity of the Selectivity Filter in a Nonselective Ion Channel	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
10/05/2021	Study Sheds Light on Photosynthesis in Iron-Low Leaves	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Chemical and Elemental Information
02/11/2021	A Modular Approach to Designing Protein Assemblies	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Solution X-ray Scattering	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
01/19/2021	Fusion Enzymes Improve Yield of Functionalized Terpenes	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Solution X-ray Scattering	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
01/06/2021	Designing a Controllable Self-Assembling Biomaterial	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Solution X-ray Scattering	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
02/03/2020	Antibodies Elicited by Zika Vaccine Characterized	Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
09/24/2019	Revealing a MERS-CoV Vulnerability	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
10/27/2020	Potent Antibody Against SARS-CoV-2	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
02/02/2021	SARS-CoV-2 Enzyme Structure Reveals Potential Inhibitors	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
05/21/2021	Essential Enzyme in Bacterial Protein Synthesis	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
06/02/2021	Complexation of Metals with Bacterial Methanobactins	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
03/24/2021	Deciphering the Mechanism of Enzymatic Methane Synthesis	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
10/30/2020	Molecular Crystals Hybridized with Hydrogel Polymers Achieve Unprecedented Material Attributes	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
01/07/2020	Multistep Crystallization of Microbial S-Layers	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences, Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
03/23/2020	Antibiotics with a Built-in OFF Switch	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Solution X-ray Scattering, Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure, Chemical and Elemental Information
11/02/2020	Mechanistic Insights into Cu(I) Biogenesis of Galactose Oxidase	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
09/01/2020	Tracking Foliar Zinc Absorption in Apple Trees	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
01/01/2021	Soil Amendments and Flooding Cycle Impact Cadmium Bioavailability in Paddy Soil	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
08/18/2020	Visualizing Enzymes in Action	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
01/22/2020	Efficient and Economical Strategy for Functional Metalloprotein Design	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Cryo-Electron Microscopy, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
03/10/2020	Introducing Positive Charges in an Artificial Enzyme Increases CO2 Hydrogenation	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
12/09/2019	Tuning the Catalytic Bias of Hydrogenase Enzymes	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography, Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging	Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure, Chemical and Elemental Information
03/08/2018	Safety Concerns Over Tungsten Accumulation in Bone	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Chemical and Elemental Information
07/08/2019	Nanoparticle Properties Influence Nutrient Transport in Plants	Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
10/17/2018	3.7-Billion-Year-Old Rock Structures Formed by Tectonics, Not Life	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Chemical and Elemental Information
09/07/2018	X-ray Nanofluorescence Tomography of Single Bacterial Cells	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Chemical and Elemental Information
12/10/2018	Nanoparticle Surface Chemistry Influences Journey Through Tomato Plant	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Advanced Photon Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II	Chemical and Elemental Information
11/07/2017	Characterization of Elusive Yeast Protein Complex Involved in Autophagy	Center for BioMolecular Structure	Solution X-ray Scattering	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
03/24/2020	Critical Structural Differences Between Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza	Center for BioMolecular Structure	Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
03/24/2020	Tunable Molecular Coating Stabilizes "DNA Origami" Structures	Center for BioMolecular Structure	Solution X-ray Scattering	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
01/10/2018	Novel Architecture of a Bacterial Plasma Membrane Transporter	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
11/16/2017	3D Protein Structure Aids Search for Vaccine	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
08/09/2018	Activation Mechanism of a Protein Kinase Reveals Role in Cancer Proliferation	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
10/08/2018	Searching for New Ways to Fight Bacterial Resistance	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
06/21/2019	Light Teaches Coenzymes New Tricks	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
05/21/2019	Structural Basis of Bacterial Spore Germination	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
05/07/2020	Mechanism of Activation of a Plant Metacaspase	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
04/14/2021	Molecular Fragment Screening Identifies Potential SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors	Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences, Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
06/13/2018	Structure of a Nuclear Membrane Gatekeeper	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
09/23/2019	Mechanism of Regulatory Protein's Dual Role as Inhibitor and Activator	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
04/02/2013	Major Scaffold Component in Nuclear Pore Complex	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Solution X-ray Scattering	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
05/24/2012	Modulation of Plant Hormones by GH3 Proteins	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
10/29/2013	Common Physical Processes in Different Biomass Pretreatments	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
07/17/2013	Lessening X-ray Damage Speeds Protein Discovery	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
02/07/2013	Lipid Bilayer Composition Regulates Function of Lipid Rafts in Model Cell Membranes	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
12/09/2012	Watching the Evolution of a Protein’s Function	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
08/15/2013	Multifunctionality of an Ebola Virus Protein	Structural Biology Center, Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
09/26/2014	Understanding Nitrogen Fixation in Bacteria	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
11/10/2014	Self-Assembling Porous Protein Cage Designed for Potential Biotech Applications	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
08/25/2015	Modular Construction on a Biomolecular Scale	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
06/10/2015	Archaeal Enzyme Plays Key Role in Atmospheric Carbon Turnover	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
09/08/2015	Manganese Reduction-Oxidation Drives Plant Debris Decomposition	Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program, Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging, X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
12/07/2016	Using Soft X-ray Ptychography to Investigate a Bacterium’s Inner Compass		X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy	Advanced Light Source	Chemical and Elemental Information
11/30/2016	Crystal Structure of NOV1 Enzyme Reveals Mechanism of Action	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
11/15/2016	Mapping the Migration of Genetic Material	National Center for X-Ray Tomography	Soft X-ray Tomography	Advanced Light Source	Cell and Tissue Structure
09/30/2020	Understanding an Essential Chaperone Complex	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
07/31/2020	Targeting a Critical Molecular Switch in COVID-19	Center for BioMolecular Structure	Solution X-ray Scattering	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
11/30/2020	Fine Tuning Drugs to Fight Cancer	Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
01/12/2016	Cellulose Synthesis Complex	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Solution X-ray Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
12/14/2016	Hollow Pyramid Unlocks Principles of Protein Architecture	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Solution X-ray Scattering	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
12/20/2016	Detailing the Molecular Roots of Alzheimer’s Disease	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
08/15/2016	How Your Body Transports Zinc to Protect Your Health	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
07/20/2017	The CRISPR Target-Recognition Mechanism	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
05/03/2018	Dynamic Regulation of Histone Chaperone Nucleoplasmin	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Solution X-ray Scattering	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
06/23/2017	Revealing How Bacterial Organelles Assemble	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
06/26/2017	Molecular Basis of Alternative Tyrosine Biosynthesis in Plants	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
04/12/2017	Green Alga Genome Provides Blueprint to Advance Clean Energy, Bioproducts	National Center for X-Ray Tomography	Soft X-ray Tomography	Advanced Light Source	Cell and Tissue Structure
10/06/2016	Description of Hydration Water in Green Fluorescent Protein Solution	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
09/29/2017	Precise Control of Neutron Contrast in Surfactant Micelles Provides Platform for Membrane Structure Studies	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
12/22/2016	Neutrons Identify Oxygen Activation in LPMO enzyme	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source, Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
05/23/2017	Using Neutrons to Resolve Plasma Membrane Organization in Live Bacteria	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
08/03/2017	Chemical Strategy for Conversion of CO2 to Biomass	Structural Biology Center, Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
11/19/2020	Enhancing Enzyme Catalysis Through Directed Evolution	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
08/14/2020	Phenoxy Radical-Radical Coupling in Plants	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
06/22/2017	Archaeal Abundance on Human Skin Changes with Age	Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program	Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging	Advanced Light Source	Chemical and Elemental Information
08/11/2017	Hacking the Bacterial Social Network	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
06/16/2017	Engineering Better Plant Cultivars for Iron Uptake by Modifying the Iron Deficiency Response in Arabidopsis thaliana	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Advanced Photon Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
05/09/2017	Probing S-layer Protein Structural Dynamics with SAXS	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Solution X-ray Scattering	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
09/08/2017	The Origins of Photosynthesis in a Sun-Loving Bacteria	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
08/14/2017	X-ray Footprinting Solves Mystery of Metal-Breathing Protein	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Footprinting	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
12/05/2016	Designing Cyclic Oligomers: Greater than the Sum of Their Parts	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
09/09/2017	Measuring and Modeling Poplar Root Water Extraction After Drought Using Neutron Imaging	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Neutron Imaging	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Cell and Tissue Structure
06/30/2017	Finding New Clues to a Common Respiratory Virus	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
11/02/2017	Arsenic Accumulation in Benthic Periphytic Biofilms	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
10/01/2016	Crystal Clear Imaging Infrared Brings to Light Nanoscale Molecular Arrangement	Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program	Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging	Advanced Light Source	Chemical and Elemental Information
07/10/2017	Novel Orange Carotenoid Proteins Shed Light on Evolution of Cyanobacteria Photoprotection	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
01/11/2017	Study Pinpoints Most Reactive Areas of Nanoscale Particles	Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program	Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging	Advanced Light Source	Chemical and Elemental Information
01/19/2017	A Regional Model for Uranium Redox and Mobility	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
04/07/2017	Direct Measurement of Protein Dynamics In Vivo	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
04/18/2017	Could This Enzyme Help Turn Biofuel Waste into Something Useful?	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure
07/11/2017	Brown Rot Fungi Reveal a New Approach for Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
09/19/2019	Dynamics on Cellulose Show Two Important Populations from Neutron Scattering and Simulations	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
11/15/2017	Cyanobacterial Studies Examine Cellular Structure During Nitrogen Starvation	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
12/13/2017	Binding of Alternative Substrates to Nitrogenase	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
01/17/2018	"Zip Code" Mechanism for Hormone Signaling Revealed	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
01/18/2018	Structure of a Flavoenzyme Assembly Intermediate	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
12/14/2017	Using Plants to Immobilize and Stabilize Arsenic in the Soil	Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
08/30/2018	Directed Evolution Mimics Allosteric Activation of Enzymes	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
08/21/2018	Potent Bacteria	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
11/15/2018	Controlled Self-Assembly of a Designed Nucleoprotein	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Solution X-ray Scattering	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
02/05/2019	Peptide Induced Lateral Segregation of Lipids in a Biomembrane	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
02/25/2019	Breakthrough Shines Light on Disease-Fighting Protein	Stanford-SLAC Cryo-EM Center, Structural Biology Center	Cryo-Electron Microscopy, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
02/18/2019	An Efficient and Economical Strategy for the Design of Functional Metalloproteins	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
02/22/2019	DNA Gets a Bigger Alphabet	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
03/05/2019	Understanding Cadmium Distribution in Hyperaccumulating Plants for Efficient Phytoremediation	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Chemical and Elemental Information
04/05/2019	Influence of Chemically Disrupted Photosynthesis on Cyanobacterial Thylakoid Dynamics	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
04/12/2019	What Enables the Fastest Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Reductive Carboxylase?	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
05/03/2019	New Approach for Solving Protein Structures from Tiny Crystals	Center for BioMolecular Structure	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	National Synchrotron Light Source II	Molecular Structure
07/10/2019	Structuring Sweetness: What Makes Stevia 200 Times Sweeter than Sugar?	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
07/10/2019	Structural Characterization of Chitinases from Agave tequilana	Structural Molecular Biology Resource	Solution X-ray Scattering	Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource	Molecular Structure
11/19/2019	How Essential Membrane Lipids Interact to Regulate Cellular Processes	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
11/29/2019	Ammonia-Salt Solvent Promotes Cellulosic Biomass Deconstruction Under Ambient Processing Conditions	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
12/09/2019	Research at the Advanced Photon Source Leads to New Ebola Drug	Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography	Advanced Photon Source	Molecular Structure
08/29/2020	How Proteins Remodel DNA in Bacteria Under Stress	National Center for X-Ray Tomography, Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography, Soft X-ray Tomography	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure, Cell and Tissue Structure
08/13/2020	Cell Membrane Proteins Imaged in 3D	Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structural Biology Center	X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging	Advanced Photon Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II	Chemical and Elemental Information
07/21/2020	Role of Solvents in Efficient Biomass Deconstruction	Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure
02/14/2020	How Dinosaur Blood Vessels Preserve Through the Ages	Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program	Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging	Advanced Light Source	Chemical and Elemental Information
06/23/2020	Novel Cell Membrane Model Could Be Key to Uncovering New Protein Properties	Center for BioMolecular Structure, Center for Structural Molecular Biology	Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Solution X-ray Scattering	National Synchrotron Light Source II, Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor	Molecular Structure, Cell and Tissue Structure
10/07/2020	"Missing Link" in Evolutionary History of the Carbon-Fixing Protein Rubisco	Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences	Solution X-ray Scattering	Advanced Light Source	Molecular Structure